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Download full textKevelson, Marisol J. C. – ETS Research Report Series, 2019
This study presents estimates of Black-White, Hispanic-White, and income achievement gaps using data from two different types of reading and mathematics assessments: constructed-response assessments that were likely more cognitively demanding and state achievement tests that were likely less cognitively demanding (i.e., composed solely or largely…
Descriptors: Racial Differences, Achievement Gap, White Students, African American Students
Direct linkSchweinle, Amy; Berg, Patti J.; Sorenson, Ashley R. – Educational Psychology, 2013
The present research sought to determine if primary school students differentiate between classes that are challenging and those that are difficult, and how these distinctions relate to their motivation and achievement. Results indicated that there are three types of challenges/difficulties. "Challenging" classes are those that are…
Descriptors: Elementary School Students, Preadolescents, Courses, Difficulty Level
