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Download full textHaider, Hilde; Eichler, Alexandra; Hansen, Sonja; Vaterrodt, Bianca; Gaschler, Robert; Frensch, Peter A. – Frontline Learning Research, 2014
One crucial issue in mathematics development is how children come to spontaneously apply arithmetical principles (e.g. commutativity). According to expertise research, well-integrated conceptual and procedural knowledge is required. Here, we report a method composed of two independent tasks that assessed in an unobtrusive manner the spontaneous…
Descriptors: Mathematics, Mathematics Instruction, Grade 2, Grade 3
Direct linkLiu, Fuchang – School Science and Mathematics, 2009
Four hundred and three 3rd- and 5th-grade Chinese students took the Multiplication Estimation Test or participated in the interview on it, designed to assess their computational estimation performance on whole-number multiplication. Students perform better when tasks are presented visually than orally. Third graders tend to use rounding based…
Descriptors: Mental Computation, Grade 5, Grade 3, Arithmetic
