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Vermeulen, Jorine A.; Béguin, Anton; Eggen, Theo J. H. M. – Educational Studies in Mathematics, 2021
This study explored the relationships between task beliefs about the empty number line (ENL), mathematical ability, gender, and voluntary ENL use in multi-digit subtraction and addition. One hundred twenty-three Dutch third-grade students and nine teachers from six schools participated in this study. The multilevel path analysis showed that task…
Descriptors: Elementary School Students, Grade 3, Foreign Countries, Number Concepts
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Funderud, Tonje; Mononen, Riikka; Radišic, Jelena; Laine, Anu – European Journal of Special Needs Education, 2019
The study aimed to investigate variations in addition and subtraction fluency by observing grade three students in Norway (n = 253, M[ subscript age] = 8.38 y.) and Finland (n = 209, M[subscript age] = 9.35 y.) while controlling for their age and non-verbal reasoning. Gender differences were also examined. The focus of the study was on the…
Descriptors: Arithmetic, Numeracy, Grade 3, Elementary School Students