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Direct linkNaYoung Hwang; Cory Koedel – Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 2025
We evaluate the effects of grade retention on students' academic, attendance, and disciplinary outcomes in Indiana. Using a regression discontinuity design, we show that third-grade retention increases achievement in English Language Arts (ELA) and math immediately and substantially, and the effects persist into middle school. We find no evidence…
Descriptors: Elementary School Students, Grade 3, Grade Repetition, Low Achievement
