Numerous studies have shown cognitive benefits when children engage in activities in natural environments (NE). These benefits may stem from the restorative qualities of nature, which help reduce stress and replenish attentional capacities. According to embodied cognition theories, cognitive processes are shaped by our interactions with the…

In achievement testing we assume that students will demonstrate their maximum performance as they encounter test items. Sometimes, however, student performance can decline during a test event, which implies that the test score does not represent maximum performance. This study describes a method for identifying significant performance decline and…