Achievement emotions are critical for students' academic performance and career choices. The previous literature has focused on one specific type of achievement emotions--test anxiety--in Western contexts and neglected other various emotions experienced in different occasions such as attending classes. The present study aims to address the…

Despite the widespread popularity of growth curve analysis, few studies have investigated robust growth curve models. In this article, the "t" distribution is applied to model heavy-tailed data and contaminated normal data with outliers for growth curve analysis. The derived robust growth curve models are estimated through Bayesian…