Formative experiments offer researchers the opportunity to partner with classroom teachers to design interventions to address problems that occur in the classroom. The teacher identifies goals for the students, and then the teacher-researcher team designs interventions to meet these goals. During the study, the team modifies the intervention as…

Interest in variation in program impacts--How big is it? What might explain it?--has inspired recent work on the analysis of data from multi-site experiments. One critical aspect of this problem involves the use of random or fixed effect estimates to visualize the distribution of impact estimates across a sample of sites. Unfortunately, unless the…