In this study, we applied multilevel piecewise linear regression with a random-effects model under a Bayesian estimation framework to a total of 5,072 7th grade students in 35 schools to search for an optimum time in terms of the effect of homework time on student academic achievement. First, we found a nonlinear relationship between time spent on…

Homework is a self-regulated activity that constitutes a large proportion of learning time. In mathematics, how long is the optimal homework time for achievement development and how to improve homework time efficiency have long been questions. The study examined how mathematics homework time was related to mathematics achievement among Chinese…

Students make trade-offs between time spent learning and on digital leisure outside of school. Those who spend too much time on digital leisure outside of school spend less time on homework, are less involved with learning at school and less motivated to learn. Their mathematics performance, sense of belonging at school and overall life…