Background: Student engagement has been conceptualised and operationalised in various learning environments. However, there is currently a lack of established scales to measure student engagement in synchronous online learning. One possible reason is the existence of the conceptual and structural ambiguity regarding student engagement. Objective:…

In the context of online and distance learning, active student engagement in online synchronous tutorials is important for students' development; yet it can be challenging to achieve. The research reported in this paper explored why some students do not participate actively in online synchronous tutorials, instead preferring passive participation.…

Learners' emotional engagement in synchronous online learning (SOL) is critical for improving learning persistence and performance. Nevertheless, there is currently a lack of comprehensive and systematic reviews of emotional engagement in SOL. This review synthesizes the strategies to promote emotional engagement in SOL found in published…

Background: After the mandated closure and reopening of schools during and after the coronavirus pandemic, online synchronous teaching and learning has emerged as an opportunity to expand the reach of K-12 education, however, there is a lack of understanding about the characteristics of the successful learning experiences during that period that…

In the rapidly evolving landscape of education, streaming media technology has emerged as a transformative force, particularly in distance education. This study explores the integration of streaming media into university English teaching, focusing on enhancing real-time interaction, personalization, and student engagement. Despite significant…

Background: Amidst the increasing application of online education in the post-COVID era, new challenges in student engagement have emerged. However, most studies on online engagement have adopted macro-level approaches and relied on self-report measures of retrospective engagement. Few have examined micro-level engagement in terms of real-time and…

The rapid shift to online teaching during the COVID-19 pandemic introduced both challenges and opportunities for effective classroom management. This review explores 20 empirical studies published between 2021 and 2025, examining how educators have adapted to the virtual learning environment. The findings highlight key strategies that contribute…