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Gregory D. Keating – Language Learning, 2025
For Spanish nouns, masculine gender is unmarked and feminine is marked. Effects of markedness on gender agreement processing are inconsistent, possibly owing to differences between online methods. This study presents a reanalysis of eye-tracking data from Keating's (2022) study on the processing of noun-adjective gender agreement in speakers of…
Descriptors: Spanish, Morphology (Languages), Form Classes (Languages), Native Language
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Marie Mangold – Foreign Language Annals, 2025
One of the critiques of proficiency as defined by scales, such as that of ACTFL, is its lack of grounding in linguistic realities. Measures of complexity, accuracy, and fluency provide a route in which proficiency can be quantitatively measured by identifying linguistic correlates (see Brown et al., 2017; Long et al., 2012). This project aimed to…
Descriptors: Spanish, Second Language Instruction, Second Language Learning, Language Proficiency
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Lisa M. Domke; María A. Cerrato; Elizabeth H. Sanders; Michael Vo – Language and Education, 2025
Because word problems present mathematical information through a scenario, they are language-intensive and require mathematical and reading comprehension skills to solve them. In addition, they are linguistically complex, which makes them challenging for all learners, especially multilingual learners. Given the rising number of dual-language…
Descriptors: Difficulty Level, Word Problems (Mathematics), Mathematics Instruction, Mathematics Skills