The adjustment of syntactic and phraseological complexity is a key consideration in text adaptation. However, research on this topic in the context of Chinese as a second language (CSL) remains limited. Using 700 CSL reading texts graded following the newly issued Chinese Proficiency Grading Standards for International Chinese Language Education,…

This study aimed to examine the technology integration skills of undergraduate and graduate students, as well as teachers and specialists, in the field of Kazakh language teaching. The research, conducted using a quantitative survey model, included 267 participants. The "Teaching on Kazakh Language as a Foreign Language, Technology, Pedagogy…

This study adopted both variable- and person-centered methods to investigate Chinese primary school students' foreign language enjoyment (FLE) and foreign language classroom anxiety (FLCA) as well as factors associated with these emotions, such as language proficiency, gender, grade level, school type, access to foreign teachers and after-school…