Reform-oriented instruction is advocated in secondary science, encouraging students to engage with the experimental and epistemic practices of science. It is challenging for teachers though, especially for out-of-field teachers. This study focuses on biology and chemistry teachers who are called to teach middle-school physics. These teachers face…

Many studies have examined representational abilities, but few have explored the use of lesson study activities based on didactical design research, which integrated STEM to solve problems in higher education. This research aimed to develop a STEM-based blended lecture design that optimized the representation abilities of prospective mathematics…