Fully-Latent Principal Stratification (FLPS) offers a promising approach for estimating treatment effect heterogeneity based on patterns of students' interactions with Intelligent Tutoring Systems (ITSs). However, FLPS relies on correctly specified models. In addition, multiple latent variables, such as ability, participation, and epistemic…

As educational technology (EdTech) grows in prominence, so does the urgency to test the efficacy of computer-based learning tools in the field. To answer this need, education researchers have conducted a large number of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that generate high-quality evidence of EdTech effectiveness. The most important policy goal…

A linear model is often used to find the effect of a binary treatment D on a noncontinuous outcome Y with covariates X. Particularly, a binary Y gives the popular "linear probability model (LPM)," but the linear model is untenable if X contains a continuous regressor. This raises the question: what kind of treatment effect does the…

Professional learning is a commonly used strategy for helping teachers develop the skills and knowledge they need to use evidence-based practices in the classroom. Research suggests professional learning is more successful when it is sustained over time and that refresher training after an initial block of professional learning could support…

One part of COVID-19's staggering impact on education has been to suspend or fundamentally alter ongoing education research projects. This article addresses how to analyze the simple but fundamental example of a multi-cohort study in which student assessment data for the final cohort are missing because schools were closed, learning was virtual,…