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JoonHo Lee; Alison Hooper – Society for Research on Educational Effectiveness, 2025
Background/Context: Theoretical and policy frameworks consistently assert that warm, responsive, and cognitively rich teacher-child interactions are crucial for infants' and toddlers' learning and development (Burchinal, 2018; Pianta & Hamre, 2009). In Early Head Start (EHS), such "process quality" is expected to bolster children's…
Descriptors: Early Intervention, Federal Programs, Social Services, Measures (Individuals)
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Michelle Spiegel; Leah R. Clark; Thurston Domina; Vitaly Radsky; Paul Y. Yoo; Andrew Penner – Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 2025
Many educational policies hinge on the valid measurement of student economic disadvantage at the school level. Measures based on free and reduced-price lunch enrollment are used widely. However, recent research raises questions about their reliability, particularly following the introduction of universal free lunch in certain schools and…
Descriptors: Disadvantaged Schools, Economically Disadvantaged, Lunch Programs, Poverty