Elementary-school students are increasingly required to compose texts on computers. Composing involves both higher-level (planning, translating and revising) and lower-level (i.e., transcription) skills. It is assumed that automatic lower-level skills enable students to focus their attention on the higher composition demands. However, while…

Automated writing evaluation (AWE) is an artificial intelligence (AI)-empowered educational technology designed to assist writing instruction and improve students' writing proficiency. The present study adopted a quasi-experimental design using the inverse probability of treatment weighting method to explore the long-term effects of an AWE system…