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Download full textAli H. Al-Hoorie; Phil Hiver – Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 2025
Causal inference is a fundamental goal of many research endeavors, including scholarship in the field of language education and learning. Randomized controlled trials are considered an ideal design to test causal claims, but not all claims can be subjected to experimental treatment due to ethical and practical constraints. In this article, we…
Descriptors: Attribution Theory, Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction, Self Efficacy
