This study examined the types of representations that primary school children create in solving different types of problems, the relationship between these types of representations, and the accuracy rates in solving the problems. The study was conducted with 80 students attending primary school's 2nd and 3rd grades. An achievement test prepared by…

Our work investigated how six primary school students used a non-traditional method for adding and subtracting: the ABN method, a Spanish acronym for Open (method) Based on Numbers. Commognitive theory [Sfard, A. 2008. "Thinking as Communicating: Human Development, the Growth of Discourses, and Mathematizing." New York: Cambridge…

This study examined the effects of embodied learning experiences on students' understanding of computational thinking (CT) concepts and their ability to solve CT problems. In a mixed-reality learning environment, students mapped CT concepts, such as sequencing and loops, onto their bodily movements. These movements were later applied to robot…

This study evaluates the effectiveness of non-paper-and-pencil tests (NPTs) in Chinese language education for second-grade primary students in Baoshan City, Yunnan Province. The research aims to assess how NPTs support educational goals outlined in China's "double reduction" policy, which seeks to alleviate academic pressure and promote…

The purpose of this article is to describe the learnings of primary school teachers in rural Guatemala as a result of an action research experience. This experience took place in the context of the "Basic Education Quality and Transitions" activity, or BEQT, funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and…