Exams are designed to rank students objectively by their abilities, including elements such as time limits, the number and difficulty of questions, and negative marking policies. Using data from a lab-in-field experiment, we develop and estimate a model of student behavior in multiple-choice exams that incorporates the effects of time constraints…

The perceived difficulty of a task is essential for recognising problems, adjusting effort, acknowledging the need for assistance or employing strategies and can be subjective in nature. Task difficulty has an activating, resource-mobilising effect on performing the task. We conducted a conceptual replication study with 246 university students,…

Purpose: Understanding children's speech perception strategies in noise is very important for improving their living environment. Previous studies with adults reported that closing the eyes improves speech understanding in noise by increasing the activation of cortical systems involved in listening and attention, while increased cognitive load…

The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR) is widely used in the design of curricula and materials for Teaching Turkish as a Second Language (TTSL), yet concerns remain about the consistency of text difficulty across CEFR-labeled materials. This study examined 31 B1-level international learners of Turkish as they read four…

The perception and manipulation of spatial information are essential for mathematical learning, and research highlights gender differences in spatial abilities. The present study contributes to the question of whether these differences are evident at earlier ages and how they interact with task complexity in mental rotation. We developed the…

Resilience is a critical personality trait that allows one to deal with difficulties, learn from failures, and maintain a positive attitude during task performance. However, it has not been understudied in a complex and challenging educational domain. The current research intends to address this gap by analyzing the specific characteristics of…

University Physics is a foundational course offered to undergraduate students in science and engineering programs outside of physics majors and it represents a foundational discipline in science and engineering education. However, traditional University Physics instruction has many areas in need of improvement. A questionnaire for undergraduate…

In this quantitative study, we explored learners' intrinsic motivation towards three different experimental physics educational activities offered by our department to upper-grade high school students. The inspected activities were lecture demonstrations, a science show, and hands-on practical work. The respondents were Czech high school students…

Acquiring mathematical literacy requires students to apply mathematics in various real-world contexts. However, mathematics classes often provide brief, content-focused descriptions of reality-based tasks and tasks that describe the situation as more complex, closer to reality, are still lacking. Students with different sociodemographic…

This study evaluates the Children's Worlds Psychological Well-Being Scale (CW-PSWBS) within a diverse international cohort of children aged 10 and 12, utilising Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (IRT) methodologies. Through a detailed psychometric analysis, this research assesses the CW-PSWBS's structural integrity, focusing on…

This study, based on responses from 176 intermediate and advanced EFL learners in Chile, explores the perceptions of educational videos in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learning among students from different gender groups and academic disciplines, specifically Social Sciences, Humanities, STEM, and Health Sciences. Using an experimental…

Background: Women remain under-represented in high-paying STEM majors. This study seeks to advance understanding of the factors related to students' decisions to choose STEM majors, with particular attention to gender differences. Prior research has largely examined high school students' perceptions of math interest and math utility in relation to…

In three studies, college student participants read a description of ambiguous (i.e., neither explicitly positive nor explicitly negative) academic feedback from a faculty member. Evaluations of the ambiguous feedback were compared across participants' gender identities and levels of social and intellectual belonging in their academic majors and…

This study was conducted to optimize the designs of learning guides embedded in a computer-based simulation environment. The research was based on the Cognitive Theory of Multimedia Learning and Cognitive Load Theory. We investigated computer simulations under four conditions that combined representation and imagination learning strategies. This…

English-medium instruction (EMI) is rising in importance in higher education, especially for fields such as medicine. However, most students have some degree of linguistic barriers when studying courses in EMI. This study explored the challenges medical students face in studying medicine taught in English; whether these challenges differ by…