Quiet eye training, a technique focused on optimizing gaze behavior during critical moments, has shown potential for enhancing motor skill acquisition. This study investigates the effects of quiet eye training in both virtual and real-world environments on dart-throwing learning. The participants consisted of 45 female students who were randomly…

Background: In multimedia learning environments, pedagogical agents have emerged as an innovative tool to enhance digital instruction, yet optimising their design for maximal learning effectiveness remains underexplored. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate how specific design elements of pedagogical agents, namely appearance and voice…

Joint attention is essential for establishing effective social communication. However, children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) often exhibit deficits in joint attention, which hinder their social interactions with peers and adults. Traditional assessment methods predominantly rely on expert observation, lacking objective measures of…

Background: This study investigates the effect of immersion levels in virtual reality (VR) learning environments on the acquisition of declarative and procedural knowledge. Prior research indicates that immersion affects cognitive load, but its impact on declarative and procedural knowledge outcomes remains unclear. This study utilises a…

Discussion has become a crucial method of interactive learning in online collaborative environments. This study aims to identify the impact of different task motivation compositions and learning scaffolding on attention, learning performance, and behavioral patterns. The 90 Chinese undergraduate and graduate students (M[subscript age]=20.38,…

The current study aimed to explore the influence of pedagogical agents and visual cues on students' deep learning within a virtual reality setting by evaluating the effects on various factors, including learning outcomes, intrinsic motivation, cognitive load, learning engagement, and cognitive processing metrics. The investigation utilized a 2 x 2…

Transforming educational technologies through the integration of large language models (LLMs) and virtual reality (VR) offers the potential for immersive and interactive learning experiences. However, the effects of LLMs on user engagement and attention in educational environments remain open questions. In this study, we utilized a fully…

This study examines the impact of instructor presence on cognitive load and learning outcomes in video-based learning environments, addressing a significant gap in optimising instructional design for digital education. Utilising eyetracking technology to measure pupil dilation, a reliable proxy for cognitive load, this research compares three…

In military operations, rapid and accurate decision-making is crucial, especially in visually complex and high-pressure environments. This study investigates how eye and head movement metrics can infer changes in search behavior during a naturalistic shooting scenario in virtual reality (VR). Thirty-one participants performed a foraging search…

To optimize learning experience and improve learning performance, current virtual experimental systems usually assist students with stepwise guidance before operations and feedback after them. However, stepwise and excessive guidance can lead to student overreliance, while late feedback cannot avoid potential errors during experimental learning.…

The construction industry is undergoing a significant transformation as the workforce shifts from traditional practices to sensing technology-driven approaches, thereby creating a critical skills gap. Mixed reality learning environments (MRLE) have emerged as a promising solution to prepare the future workforce by providing immersive and…