Background: Effort measurement is essential for adaptation to interactive learning technologies. Most contemporary technologies measure effort through the log data (reaction time and correctness). Some adaptive technologies use facial expressions and attention to adapt. Objectives: We present a novel, complementary, and multimodal definition of…

Traditional education, characterized by rigid curricula and inflexible teaching methods, often fails to accommodate the diverse cognitive profiles of neurodivergent learners, including those with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), and dyslexia. Although e-Learning has introduced greater flexibility and…