Immersive technologies are assumed to have many benefits for learning due to their potential positive impact on optimizing learners' cognitive load and fostering intrinsic motivation. However, despite promising results, the findings regarding the actual impact on learning remain inconclusive, raising questions about the determinants of efficacy.…

This paper explores the distinctions and connections between AI literacy and AI fluency, drawing parallels with the historical development of other literacies such as computer literacy and digital fluency. The paper argues that while AI literacy focuses on understanding and evaluating AI technologies, AI fluency represents a higher-order…

Attention is crucial for learners to enhance their learning and build knowledge. Sustaining prolonged attention requires students to self-regulate their behavioral, emotional, and cognitive processes. At the same time, learners engage in mind wandering approximately 30% of the time spent in educational activities, leading to a deterioration in…

Instructional video has become an important teaching resource. In related studies, researchers have found that the playback speed of instructional videos affects learning effect. However, it is not clear whether the learning effect obtained when learners choose different playback speeds is affected by the interactive design of the video (e.g.,…

Virtual reality (VR) has emerged as a transformative educational tool, enabling immersive learning environments that promote student engagement and understanding of complex concepts. However, despite the growing adoption of VR in education, there remains a significant gap in research exploring how generative artificial intelligence (AI), such as…

Background: This study investigates the effect of immersion levels in virtual reality (VR) learning environments on the acquisition of declarative and procedural knowledge. Prior research indicates that immersion affects cognitive load, but its impact on declarative and procedural knowledge outcomes remains unclear. This study utilises a…

Massive open online courses (MOOCs) have grown in popularity since 2008 but suffer from low completion rates, as low as 2%. This study examines how designing MOOCs with consideration of cognitive load can improve retention and learning outcomes, particularly for adult learners such as educators. Employing a design-based research methodology, five…

Notwithstanding the growing advantages of incorporating Augmented Reality (AR) in science education, the pedagogical use of AR combined with Pedagogical Agents (PAs) remains underexplored. Additionally, few studies have examined the integration of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GAI) into science education to create GAI-enhanced PAs (GPAs)…

Given the many opportunities for technology use in education nowadays (e.g., Large language models, explainer videos, digital quizzing), teachers should know and rely on evidence-based answers to questions about when, how, and why technology-augmented instruction helps or hinders learning. To date, finding these answers requires integrating…

Technology-rich learning environments in which students use digital devices such as laptops and tablets may over-task students' executive functions (EF). However, limited research has examined how well teachers understand these demands or recognize EF-related challenges in digital learning contexts. This study investigated U.S. K-12 teachers'…

Gamification has emerged as a transformative approach in education, integrating game elements such as points, badges, leaderboards, and progress bars with traditional learning to enhance engagement and improve learning outcomes. By leveraging psychological principles of motivation, gamification fosters participation and persistence, making it a…

To promote motivation and interaction among learners for relationship education in online learning, we designed a digital gamified learning activity for relationship education combined with conceptual and reflective scaffolding. We measured the learning achievement of learners' knowledge, motivation, anxiety and flow during the activity. This…

This paper presents a scoping review of the literature on educational neurotechnology, examining its types, methods, applications, opportunities and challenges. A total of 4236 articles were identified from PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Web of Science and ERIC, with 471 peer-reviewed studies selected and analysed following PRISMA guidelines and…

Aim and background: Today, students are encouraged to develop spatial visualization ability to meet the challenges of digital technologies impacting their daily life and education when exposed more time to a virtual 3D environment. This study investigated the effect of cognitive flexibility levels on students' spatial visualization abilities and…

Background: Effort measurement is essential for adaptation to interactive learning technologies. Most contemporary technologies measure effort through the log data (reaction time and correctness). Some adaptive technologies use facial expressions and attention to adapt. Objectives: We present a novel, complementary, and multimodal definition of…