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Direct linkHengzhi Hu; Nur Ehsan Mohd Said; Harwati Hashim – SAGE Open, 2025
Foreign language (L2) learners' speaking proficiency is often quantified using two dimensions: intuitive human ratings and analytical, linguistic complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) indices. While previous research and assessment practices have predominantly focused on either the subjective approach to L2 speaking or the objective one, it is…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Speech Tests, English (Second Language), Accuracy
Download full textCha Li; Mingcai Sui – Studies in Second Language Learning and Teaching, 2025
This study examined the relationship between complexity, accuracy and fluency (CAF), using longitudinal data. Conducted from the perspective of complex dynamic systems theory (CDST), this research adopted four CAF general measures to track the development of five Chinese undergraduates' English speech over a 15-week period. LOWESS graphs supported…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Speech Communication, Accuracy, Language Fluency
Chaoyang Jin; Jing Yan – Language Learning Journal, 2025
This systematic review aims to explore how task complexity and task sequencing affect the complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) of second language performance. Through an analysis of studies conducted between 2012 and 2021, this review investigates the characteristics of the studies, operationalisation of task complexity, measurements of CAF,…
Descriptors: Second Language Learning, Difficulty Level, Language Fluency, Accuracy
Na Tao; Ying Wang – Language Teaching Research, 2025
Task design features have different effects on second language (L2) production and can be adopted for different pedagogical purposes. However, the synergistic effects of task features were left unexplored in the extant task-based literature. The present study investigated the synergistic effects of two task design features, namely, prior knowledge…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, English (Second Language), Second Language Instruction, Writing (Composition)
Thang Ho-Minh; Suksan Suppasetseree – Educational Process: International Journal, 2025
Background/purpose: This study explores the integration of Augmented Reality (AR) into English for Tourism and Hospitality (ETH) instruction to examine its effects on the speaking skills of Vietnamese EFL university students. The research investigates how AR-supported lessons influence learners' fluency, pronunciation, confidence, and engagement…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Computer Simulation, English for Special Purposes, Tourism
Mahmoud Abdi Tabari; Minyoung Cho – Language Teaching Research, 2025
To test the predictive power of the SSARC (stabilize, simplify, automatize, reconstruct, and complexify) model of pedagogic task sequencing in second language (L2) writing development, the present study explores the performance of written decision-making tasks with varied levels of cognitive complexity in a simple-to-complex sequence in comparison…
Descriptors: English (Second Language), Second Language Learning, Second Language Instruction, Advanced Students
