This study examined whether answering focused explanative questions during pauses in an immersive virtual reality (IVR) lesson on pipetting procedures could enhance learning. The goal was to take a generative learning activity, known to be effective for declarative knowledge with conventional media, to the context of procedural knowledge with…

Background: In recent years, immersive virtual reality in education has garnered attention, however, there have been mixed findings on the efficacy of IVR in education. Thus, exploring which strategies are effective in transferring learning from IVR to real-world applications is imperative. Objective: This study aims to investigate the efficacy of…

Animal dissections have long been central to anatomy and physiology education, despite their costs, safety issues, and ethical concerns. Alternatives like computer-based simulations and synthetic models often fail to replicate the authentic experience of live dissections. Virtual reality (VR) offers an immersive, interactive alternative that…

Mixed reality (MR) offers a way to visualize and manipulate complex digital objects in three dimensions, which is particularly beneficial for human anatomy. However, implementing MR effectively requires a deep understanding of its effects on cognitive processes. The purpose of this study was to evaluate cognitive markers of students' engagement…

The amphibian dissection for medical students was halted by the restrictions imposed by the national regulatory guidelines, prompting medical curricula to revise and innovate instructional methods. Hence, there is a critical need for potential innovative solutions to enhance students' understanding of physiological concepts. Therefore, this study…

Anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology are essential foundational concepts of nursing education. Despite consensus on the importance of the bioscience curriculum, teaching and learning challenges persist without widely recognized strategies to address the obstacles. 3D virtual cadavers are a promising technological resource to improve bioscience…

To optimize learning experience and improve learning performance, current virtual experimental systems usually assist students with stepwise guidance before operations and feedback after them. However, stepwise and excessive guidance can lead to student overreliance, while late feedback cannot avoid potential errors during experimental learning.…

In a technology-enhanced learning environment and underpinned by a unique hybrid pedagogic model that borrows from gamification, constructivism, and experiential learning approaches, badges were purposefully used to foster engagement. This approach promoted the development of a mindset that identifies and appreciates the worth of a portfolio of…