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Rosie Aboody; Julianna Lu; Stephanie Denison; Julian Jara-Ettinger – Child Development, 2025
When determining what others know, we intuitively consider not only whether they succeed but also their probability of success in the absence of knowledge (e.g., random guessing). Across three experiments (n = 240 North American 4-6-year-olds, data collected between 2020-2023) we find that 4-year-olds understand that tasks with a lower probability…
Descriptors: Preschool Children, Age Differences, Childrens Attitudes, Abstract Reasoning
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María del Mar Montoya Rodríguez; Francisco J. Molina Cobos; Vanesa Martínez-Valderrey; Pablo Molina Moreno; Sofía Pizzarossa; Julieta Feris; Valentina Compá; Vanessa A. de Souza – Journal of Information Technology Education: Innovations in Practice, 2025
Aim/Purpose: This study explores the effectiveness of a virtual reality (VR) application designed to teach Theory of Mind (ToM) skills to children aged 5-6, addressing the gap in research on the use of VR for typically developing children. Background: ToM is a critical skill for social interaction and understanding others' perspectives. Despite…
Descriptors: Theory of Mind, Computer Simulation, Preschool Children, Interpersonal Relationship
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Chi-Lin Yu; Christopher M. Stanzione; Lee Branum-Martin; Amy R. Lederberg – Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 2025
Purpose: Deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) children's language development and delays are well documented, yet less is known about their delays in theory of mind (ToM) development. Importantly, conversational-communicative experiences, language competence, and teacher/parent influences loom large. The present study examined ToM development and the…
Descriptors: Deafness, Hard of Hearing, Children, Theory of Mind
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Bruno Barac – Early Child Development and Care, 2025
Theory of mind (ToM) is the ability to attribute mental states and feelings to others, and to understand that those mental states and feelings affect their behaviour. It is one of three core developmental tasks for children in preschool years, along with emotion self-regulation and relationships with parents and family members. Given there are…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Preschool Children, Theory of Mind, Child Development
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Lydia Paulin Schidelko; Hannes Rakoczy – Cognitive Science, 2025
The standard view on Theory of Mind (ToM) is that the mastery of the false belief (FB) task around age 4 marks the ontogenetic emergence of full-fledged meta-representational ToM. Recently, a puzzling finding has emerged: Once children master the FB task, they begin to fail true belief (TB) control tasks. This finding threatens the validity of FB…
Descriptors: Childrens Attitudes, Theory of Mind, Beliefs, Young Children
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Katherine Rice Warnell; Amy A. Weimer; Rong Huang; Daniela Kuri – Infant and Child Development, 2025
Recent research on advanced theory of mind (ToM) has questioned the extent to which existing ToM measures capture a single construct, particularly for groups understudied in developmental research. The present study examined the factor structure of one of the most commonly used advanced ToM measures, the Strange Stories task, in samples of low-…
Descriptors: Theory of Mind, Cognitive Development, Socioeconomic Status, Institutional Characteristics