Humans routinely use external thinking tools, like pencil and paper, maps, and calculators, to solve cognitive problems that would have once been solved internally. As many youth face unprecedented exposure to increasingly capable technological aids, there is a growing pressure to understand children's cognitive offloading capacities and…

With the rise of wearable technologies, mobile devices and artificial intelligence comes a growing pressure to understand downstream effects of cognitive offloading on children's future thinking and behavior. Here, we explored whether compelling children to use an indiscriminate cognitive offloading strategy affects their subsequent strategy…

Existing research has revealed key factors influencing mathematical flexibility, defined as the capacity to understand, generate, and apply a variety of strategies in solving mathematical problems. However, there is currently a lack of an integrated theoretical framework to systematically consolidate various sources of individual differences in…

In recent years, the emphasis on computational thinking (CT) has intensified as an effect of accelerated digitalisation. While most researchers are concentrating on defining CT and developing tools for its instruction and assessment, we focus on the characteristics of computational thinking problems (CTPs) -- activities requiring CT to be…

Background: High working memory capacity is associated with improved mathematical problem-solving skills. A leading theory about why working memory enhances problem-solving suggests that capable problem solvers might offload information from their working memory for later use. Aims: This study examined whether the ability to offload information…

Computational Thinking (CT) skills are increasingly recognized as essential for junior high school students, especially in addressing the demands of the digital era. This study explores how CT skills--decomposition, pattern recognition, abstraction, and algorithmic thinking--manifest in learning statistics based on students' cognitive abilities. A…

Purpose -- This article comprehensively examines the existing body of literature about the assessment tools employed for evaluating higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) in mathematics within the last five years. The study endeavors to offer a comprehensive overview of measuring instruments for HOTS in mathematics, utilizing precise and up-to-date…

This study investigates the relationship between mathematical literacy and cognitive flexibility in solving complex problems among Indonesian elementary school students aged 9-10 n = 78. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the research combined quantitative testing and qualitative interviews to provide a comprehensive understanding of this…

Collaborative problem-solving (CPS) has been one of the essential core skills for future students. However, we found that there are many studies on the evaluation of collaborative problem-solving skills, but there is little studies on the subject areas based on which collaborative problem-solving skills have been evaluated. The three-dimensional…

The training of hostel service skills emphasizes the application of procedural knowledge and complex problem-solving skills, and with the development of education technology, game-based learning that mixes virtual reality (VR) and physical games has begun to be emphasized. In this study, we proposed a multi-dimensional scaffolding design framework…

With the growing attention directed towards ChatGPT and its applications in education, this study explored its impact on various variables pertaining to student learning. Specifically, an integrated theoretical framework was used to investigate the factors that influence student problem-solving and critical thinking abilities when using ChatGPT…

This study investigated the extent to which domain-general and domain-specific antecedents contributed to pre-algebra's initial level and growth rate among students who experience word-problem difficulty (WPD). We examined if such a profile differs for English-language learners (ELLs; n = 75) and non-ELLs (n = 55) with WPD. We assessed 130 U.S.…

Programming education consistently faces challenges in bridging theory with practice and fostering students' cognitive competencies. This 12-year longitudinal study (2011-2023) investigates an innovative competency-based teaching model in university C programming education that integrates six educational theories into a coherent framework with…

As educational paradigms continue to evolve in response to technological advancements, there is growing interest in interdisciplinary approaches that bridge the gap between STEM and the arts. One such emerging area is the integration of robotics into art education, which holds the potential to enrich learning experiences and foster a range of…