Summative assessments are often underused for feedback, despite them being rich with data of students' applied knowledge and clinical and professional skills. To better inform teaching and student support, this study aims to gain insights from summative assessments through profiling students' performance patterns and identify those students…

Item compromise has long posed challenges in educational measurement, jeopardizing both test validity and test security of continuous tests. Detecting compromised items is therefore crucial to address this concern. The present literature on compromised item detection reveals two notable gaps: First, the majority of existing methods are based upon…