We analyse the PISA-reported convergence in the performance of private and public schools in Portugal. When PISA sampling weights are used, the number of students enrolled in those types of schools and specific grades/tracks of study differs significantly from official population figures. To account for those differences, we apply a…

Background: Test score comparability in international large-scale assessments (LSAs) is greatly important to ensure test fairness. To effectively compare test scores on an international scale, score linking is widely used to convert raw scores from different linguistic version of test forms into a common score scale. An example is the multigroup…

This study aimed to reveal the differences in individuals' abilities, their standard errors, and the psychometric properties of the test according to the two methods of applying the test (electronic and paper). The descriptive approach was used to achieve the study's objectives. The study sample consisted of 74 male and female students at the…