Parent emotion socialization (ES), the process through which caregivers influence the development and expression of emotions in children, needs to be interpreted within a sociocultural context. ES literature in Eastern cultures is emerging; existing research has almost exclusively focused on school-age children and adolescents, and has generally…

This study examines the differences in third-party punishment and compensation behaviors in 3- to 5-year-old children (N = 114) in fair and unfair distribution contexts. Using both third-party punishment and compensation paradigms, the study involved Chinese-speaking preschool children. The results showed: (1) Children's intention and degree of…

The importance of the parent-child relationship during early childhood (i.e., 0-5 years) on children's socioemotional functioning has been extensively documented in the literature. However, limited work has examined the degree to which dyadic features of the parent-child relationship changes over the course of early childhood and whether growth in…

To reach rational conclusions, we often draw inferences about the evidence that supports one solution over another. This evidence can be "direct" and indicate why one option is correct, or "indirect" and indicate why the alternative option is incorrect. Understanding how young children interpret and use different types of…

Early caregiving experiences influence the development of children's social behaviors. Caregiving hostility, characterized by anger and rejection toward the child, is associated with higher levels of aggression and lower levels of prosocial behavior. Symptoms of Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) may underlie the association between…