This study examines the conceptualization and operationalization of the open classroom climate construct in existing empirical works. Open classroom climate is a classroom environment where adolescents can freely discuss political issues and express their opinions. The study reviewed 45 secondary data analysis articles that examined the open…

In this study, empirical research was conducted in the field of civic and moral education using a real problem-oriented learning methodology. The effectiveness of the methodology in enhancing students' civic awareness and moral behavior was assessed through a randomized controlled trial (RCT). The study combined quantitative and qualitative…