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Sara Ebner; Mary K. MacDonald; Paulina Grekov; Kathleen B. Aspiranti – Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 2025
The concrete-representational-abstract (CRA) approach is an instructional framework for teaching math wherein students move from using concrete materials to solve problems to using visual representations of the materials, and finally abstract concepts. This study provides a literature synthesis and meta-analysis of the effectiveness of the CRA…
Descriptors: Meta Analysis, Mathematics Instruction, Teaching Methods, Abstract Reasoning
Xin Lin; Sarah R. Powell – Learning Disabilities Research & Practice, 2025
This study examined how word-problem characteristics influenced students' learning and retention of word-problem knowledge during and after an intervention. The participants were 221 fourth-grade students (average age at pretest = 8.8 years) who experienced word-problem difficulties (WPD) and had received a word-problem intervention in third…
Descriptors: Word Problems (Mathematics), Intervention, Grade 4, Elementary School Students

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