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Lisa De Bortoli – Australian Council for Educational Research, 2025
This issue of Snapshots explores how student effort may vary depending on the perceived stakes of the assessment. We revisit the self-reported levels of effort that students invested in the PISA test and compare them with the effort they indicated they would have made if the results counted towards their school marks. Australia's results are…
Descriptors: Foreign Countries, Secondary School Students, Achievement Tests, International Assessment

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