Purpose: This study explores the extent to which critical thinking is present in assessment conversations in social studies. Design/methodology/approach: The study builds on data from a Norwegian social studies class in the 9th grade (13-14-year-olds). Students performed student-led assessment conversations in groups of four. The students'…

This article focuses on analysing the relations between expressions of historical consciousness and democracy as featured in the 2020 Norwegian Curriculum for Social Studies. In compulsory school in Norway, History is no longer a subject with a specific syllabus. However, there is a fundamental historical perspective running through the…

Purpose: This article explores methodologies used by educators in citizenship education, examining how they perceive their roles when balancing skills and values, and how they approach assessment. It also investigates how transformative learning theory (Mezirow, 1978; Taylor, 2009) is reflected in practice and how outcomes are assessed.…

This study analyses how "active democratic participation" is conceptualised by sixteen teacher educators from eight institutions of higher education across four Nordic countries and how these conceptualisations are translated into their own teaching. Teacher educators' strong adherence to a liberal discourse on democratic education may…