Classroom instructors regularly incorporate competitive activities into classroom instruction to increase student engagement and interest. However, research has identified negative impacts associated with competition in the classroom, bringing the efficacy of these activities into question. Further complicating the question of efficacy is the…

Most people view language learning as a feminine domain and take it for granted that females have better performance in foreign language learning. Despite researchers' efforts in uncovering the phenomenon of gender stereotypes in language learning, it remains unclear: (1) whether there were differences in language learning stereotypes and their…