Children who are deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) and learning to listen and speak begin developing spoken language skills later than their peers with typical hearing (TH). Consequently, it is well-documented that those children who are DHH lag their TH peers in spoken vocabulary development during their earliest years and on average, those lags…

Purpose: This study compares responses of children who are deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) who use spoken language with responses of children who have typical hearing on a repeated word association task to evaluate lexical-semantic organization. Method: This study included 109 participants in early kindergarten or who had completed first grade. The…