Generalizability theory is a modern and powerful framework for conducting reliability analyses. It is flexible to accommodate both random and fixed facets. However, there has been a relative scarcity in the practical literature on how to handle the fixed facet case. This article aims to provide practitioners a conceptual understanding and…

Cluster-randomized trials have been widely used to evaluate the treatment effects of interventions on student outcomes. When interventions are implemented by teachers, researchers need to account for the nested structure in schools (i.e., students are nested within teachers nested within schools). Schools usually have a very limited number of…

Background: Power analyses for a cluster-randomized trial (CRT) require estimates of additional design parameters beyond those needed for an individually randomized trial. In a 2-level CRT, there are two sample sizes, the number of clusters and the number of individuals per cluster. The intraclass correlation (ICC), or the proportion of variance…

The development of a Computerized Adaptive Test (CAT) for operational use begins with several important steps, such as creating a large-size item bank, piloting the items on a sizable and representative sample of examinees, dimensionality assessment of the item bank, and estimation of item parameters. Among these steps, testing the dimensionality…

The presence of clustered data is common in the sociobehavioral sciences. One approach that specifically deals with clustered data but has seen little use in education is the generalized estimating equations (GEEs) approach. We provide a background on GEEs, discuss why it is appropriate for the analysis of clustered data, and provide worked…

Although generalizability theory (GT) designs typically are analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) procedures, they also can be integrated into structural equation models (SEMs). In this tutorial, we review basic concepts for conducting univariate and multivariate GT analyses and demonstrate advantages of doing such analyses within SEM…

Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is widely used to test the null hypothesis of equal multivariate means across 2 or more groups. MANOVA rests upon an assumption that error terms are independent of one another, which can be violated if individuals are clustered or nested within groups, such as schools. Ignoring such nesting can result in…

Clustering methods are often used in physics education research (PER) to identify subgroups of individuals within a population who share similar response patterns or characteristics. Among these, k-means (or k-modes, for categorical data) is one of the most commonly used clustering methods in PER. This algorithm, however, is distance-based rather…

In cluster randomized evaluations, a treatment or intervention is randomly assigned to a set of clusters each with constituent individual units of observations (e.g., student units that attend schools, which are assigned to treatment). One consideration of these designs is how many units are needed per cluster to achieve adequate statistical…

In cluster randomized evaluations, a treatment or intervention is randomly assigned to a set of clusters each with constituent individual units of observations (e.g., student units that attend schools, which are assigned to treatment). One consideration of these designs is how many units are needed per cluster to achieve adequate statistical…

Multiple imputation (MI) is a popular method for handling missing data. In education research, it can be challenging to use MI because the data often have a clustered structure that need to be accommodated during MI. Although much research has considered applications of MI in hierarchical data, little is known about its use in cross-classified…

The year 2022 is the 20th anniversary of Joseph Schafer and John Graham's paper titled "Missing data: Our view of the state of the art," currently the most highly cited paper in the history of "Psychological Methods." Much has changed since 2002, as missing data methodologies have continually evolved and improved; the range of…

This study aims to reveal the main trends and findings of the studies examining the use of learning analytics in distance education. For this purpose, journal articles indexed in the SSCI index in the Web of Science database were reviewed, and a total of 400 journal articles were analysed within the scope of this study. The systematic review…