This study aims at the contribution of education to ASEAN low-and-lower-middle-income countries (LLMICs) economic development and particularly the role of higher education in avoiding the low-and-lower-middle-income trap (LLMIT). Panel data analysis indicates a positive relationship between GDP per capita and higher education enrollment, though…

Online program managers (OPMs) are third-party companies that work with colleges and universities to develop, launch, and deliver online learning. Despite the prevalence of these companies in higher education, cost details are often buried or asserted with legal protections as trade secrets or business models unavailable for public review.3…

White-label programs in higher education, designed and supported by online program management (OPM) firms, pose unique challenges to current policy. In part this is because OPM firms and services are either exempt from policy or fall into a gray area that policy has not yet considered. Policymakers, however, do not need to develop entirely new…