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Shen, Ting; Konstantopoulos, Spyros – Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 2022
Large-scale assessment survey (LSAS) data are collected via complex sampling designs with special features (e.g., clustering and unequal probability of selection). Multilevel models have been utilized to account for clustering effects whereas the probability weighting approach (PWA) has been used to deal with design informativeness derived from…
Descriptors: Sampling, Weighted Scores, Hierarchical Linear Modeling, Educational Research