Background and Context: During online learning, it is essential to provide instructional guidance to support learning. However, guidance can be given in different forms and quantities. Thus, one important challenge is to provide the right amount and type of instructional guidance. Objective: The aim of the study is to investigate types of guidance…

Background: Students experience higher-order thinking skills by finding ways to solve the problem, debugging errors while applying the solution, and testing the solution in programming. However, the inability to create schemas that will characterise programming structures is one of the difficulties during this process. Objectives: This study aimed…

The increase in distance learning offerings and the deficit in providing an equivalent engagement mechanism for haptic subjects for online learners is stimulating educators to seek new pedagogical methods to meet the needs of the curriculum. A quantitative quasi-experimental study deploying a two nonequivalent groups design was conducted to…