Counterfactual reasoning is the ability to reason about how the world might have been if past events or states had been different. It is helpful for making sense of past experiences to create future blueprints. Languages like English apply subjunctive forms to directly mark counterfactual premises. In contrast, Chinese does not apply subjunctive…

Purpose: This study aims to explore how Global Englishes (GE)-oriented coursework and study abroad (SA) experiences influence pre-service English language teachers' (PELTs) awareness, emotional engagement and readiness to implement GE-informed practices in their future classrooms. Design/methodology/approach: Using a mixed-methods design, the…

Purpose: Transcription of conjoined independent clauses within language samples varies across professionals. Some transcribe these clauses as two separate utterances, whereas others conjoin them within a single utterance. As an inquiry into equitable practice, we examined rates of conjoined independent clauses produced by children and the impact…