Individuals or groups are forcibly displaced due to economic problems, wars, terrorism, political conflicts, and discrimination based on gender, ethnicity, or religion. War-induced migration often leads to movement towards neighboring countries, creating challenges for host nations like housing, healthcare, basic needs, and education. Similarly,…

In this paper, we survey current evidence on cognitive precursors of reading in different orthographies by reviewing studies with a cross-linguistic research design. Graphic symbol knowledge, phonological awareness, morphological awareness, and rapid automatized naming were found to be associated with reading acquisition in all orthographies…