Rubrics and scripts are tools that can promote self-assessment. Although similar, rubrics and scripts differ in the metacognitive processes they support, their cognitive demands, how students use them and their focus. While there is ample evidence of the positive effects of rubrics, there is less research on the impact of scripts and their use in…

Universities, significantly impacted by the shift to online learning during pandemic, must critically evaluate their teaching methods and outcomes to enhance performance in the post-pandemic era. However, there has been a limited examination of whether students achieved comparable levels in cognition and social interaction during the pandemic…

English oral communication becomes essential, especially for business English students since their future careers require a good command of English. The purposes of this study were to determine if the integration of flipped learning and three types of role-plays (i.e., scripted, semi-scripted, and non-scripted) could enhance English oral…

Due to the pandemic, many students have been forced to study remotely. This study aims to investigate the impact of online collaboration scripts on learning outcomes in virtual reality (VR) co-creation learning activities during distance learning. The collaboration scripts were designed to foster students' remote teamwork. The participants…