Background: Skill integration is vital in students' mastery development and is especially prominent in developing code tracing skills which are foundational to programming, an increasingly important area in the current STEM education. However, instructional design to support skill integration in learning technologies has been limited. Objectives:…

Background: Generative Artificial Intelligence (AI) shows promise in enhancing personalised learning and improving educational efficiency. However, its integration into education raises concerns about misinformation and over-reliance, particularly among adolescents. Teacher supervision plays a critical role in mitigating these risks and ensuring…

Background: Goal setting has been established in the literature as a critical component of self-regulated learning and for effective problem-solving. Yet, surprisingly little attention has been focused on goal-directed behaviour in digital game-based learning environments (GBLEs) despite their expanding use in educational contexts. Objectives: The…