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The Plight of Persistently Disciplined Students: Examining Frequent Flyers and the Conversion of Office Discipline Referrals into Suspensions
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Richard O. Welsh; Luis A. Rodriguez – Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 2024
Racial inequality in exclusionary discipline is a salient educational equity issue. The implications of educators' discretion in administering discipline and the complexity of repeated office discipline referrals (ODRs) and suspensions are reflected in school discipline policy debates nationwide. This brief uses New York City to learn more about…
Descriptors: Middle School Students, High School Students, Discipline, Referral