Background: The present study addresses the equality of school effectiveness across schools. One central aim of compulsory education is for students to learn equally well at all schools in a country even if these schools differ in terms of student composition. However, measuring equality of learning gains independently from selection effects…

This study examines the relationship between middle school students' undesirable behaviours and digital game addiction. Undesirable behaviours disrupt teaching, harm peers, compromise safety, and lower teacher motivation. These behaviours, often influenced by family and environmental factors, disrupt classroom order. Digital games, particularly…