Recent advances in automated scoring technology have made it practical to replace multiple-choice questions (MCQs) with short-answer questions (SAQs) in large-scale, high-stakes assessments. However, most previous research comparing these formats has used small examinee samples testing under low-stakes conditions. Additionally, previous studies…

Multiple-choice questions have become ubiquitous in educational measurement because the format allows for efficient and accurate scoring. Nonetheless, there remains continued interest in constructed-response formats. This interest has driven efforts to develop computer-based scoring procedures that can accurately and efficiently score these items.…