Metacognitive ability supports both self-regulated academic learning and effective social communication. It is critical to adolescents' ability to successfully transition from secondary education to adult contexts, underscoring the need to understand age-related changes beyond childhood. There have been conflicting findings on whether…

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the influence of caregivers' reports of family-related environmental confusion--which refers to the level of overstimulation in the family home environment due to auditory and nonauditory (i.e., visual and cognitive) noise--on the relation between child temperament and spoken language outcomes in…