Background: The purported reciprocity between motivation and academic achievement in education has largely been supported by correlational data. Aims: Our first aim was to determine experimentally whether motivation and achievement are reciprocally related. The second objective was to investigate a potential behavioural mediation pathway between…

Objective: The medical terminology escape room game (MTEG) is a chatbot designed for gamified education that aims to transform memorizing complex medical terminology into an enjoyable experience for medical students. By combining elements of ARCS (Attention, Relevance, Confidence and Satisfaction) theory with escape room adventures, the MTEG aims…

This study addressed a gap in existing research on Multiple-Choice (MC) cloze tests by focusing on the learners' perspective, specifically examining the difficulties faced by vocational high school students (VHSs). A nationwide sample of 293 VHSs participated, providing both quantitative and qualitative data through a self-developed questionnaire.…

In recent years, the integration of digital technologies into language learning has gained significant attention, particularly in the context of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) education. However, there remains a gap in understanding the broader affective and cognitive benefits of serious game-based learning (SGBL) in this field. The present…

Students are often encouraged to explain recently-taught information to others to enhance their learning in various settings including face-to-face in the classroom, through text, or in educational videos. However, nearly all studies on the impact of explaining things to others have focused on the effects of explaining to a less-knowledgeable…

Recognizing the roles that English vocabulary, social interaction, academic performance, and learning motivation play in language learning can be useful in chiefly enhancing EFL language acquisition. This research explores the challenges that the pre-college EFL students encounter while expanding their word learning knowledge, communicating in the…

Vocabulary is an essential component of language learning. Despite the fact that form-focused instruction (hereinafter FFI) has been demonstrated to be effective in language learning, it remains unclear when and how FFI can contribute to vocabulary learning. To address this question, this study takes the timing of FFI into consideration and…

This study examined the within- and cross-language relationships between intrinsic language learning motivation, home literacy environment (shared book reading, parental literacy involvement, and parent perceived child literacy interest), and receptive vocabulary in 185 bilingual preschoolers and 233 primary school children in Singapore. Age…

This study investigates the impact of augmented reality (AR) on vocabulary and content learning, as well as attitudes, in a content and language integrated learning (CLIL) setting. The research, based on convenience sampling, involved 162 secondary education students from three schools, divided into an experimental group (EG) and a control group…

The 2025 Central States Conference on the Teaching of Foreign Languages was held in Kansas City, Missouri on March 13-15. This year's theme, "Global Goals, Global Languages," highlighted the partnership of the United Nations' 17 Sustainable Development Goals (Global Goals) and language curricula. The Global Goals were created to address…

This study explores the impact of mobile learning applications on the vocabulary acquisition, motivation, and engagement of Iraqi ESP medical students. This study was conducted with 60 students from Meisan University, who were randomly divided into an experimental group using the Quizlet mobile application and a control group following traditional…

The past several years have been witnessing the fast development of information and communication technology, with which an increasing number of serious games are being designed and developed. Randomly selected participants were divided into the treatment and control cohorts. Two experiments, as well as a semi-structured interview, were…

This study examined an integrated process model of second language motivation based on the framework of self-determination theory (SDT). Specifically, this research investigated the extent to which satisfying basic psychological needs (BPN) are related to SDT orientations and, in turn, to the effort expended and how these factors relate…

This review paper explores the role of individual differences in second language vocabulary learning, focusing on three key factors: out-of-class exposure (e.g., viewing TV, playing video games and listening to songs), strategic vocabulary learning, and motivation. Individual differences significantly impact vocabulary learning, making it crucial…

This longitudinal study assessed the relative importance of second language exposure, motivational and attitudinal factors, and executive functions in predicting receptive vocabulary acquisition in children and adolescents after controlling for background characteristics (socio-economic status, non-verbal intelligence) and prior knowledge. The…