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Joakim Landahl

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'The Punched Cards Were Sent Yesterday, We Hope They Arrive Undamaged.' Computers and International Large-Scale Assessments during the 1960s and 1970s

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Joakim Landahl – Learning, Media and Technology, 2024

This article explores the history of digital testing technology. Using an organisation that pioneered the use of international large-scale assessments -- the International Association for the Evaluation of Educational Achievement (IEA) -- I discuss the role of computers, punched cards, answer cards and scanning machines as an example of…

Descriptors: Educational History, Measurement, Testing, Computer Assisted Testing