This study tracked pre-service science teachers (PSTs) over 3 years as they completed required science courses (e.g., chemistry, biology and science and technology laboratory courses). The PSTs' use of argument, representations, and reasoning were examined (1) to determine the coherence within and between these and (2) examine the relationship…

This study examined student language in learning the human circulatory system, to understand the challenges they face in representing the knowledge in this topic. Data for this study comprised students' written responses to a range of structured test items. Responses to 17 test items from 70 students across four classes were analysed using tools…