Some lecturers need suitable learning media and strategies in the learning process so that learning is effective. Previously, lecturers only used book media, handouts, and whiteboards as media, and only certain materials used media. It is also known that the obstacles in using media because there are still many lecturers who do not have the…

Spatial thinking has roles to facilitate learners to remember, understand, reason, and communicate objects and the connections among objects that are represented in space. This research aims to analyze the spatial thinking process of students in constructing new knowledge seen from the field-independent cognitive style learners based on…